Thursday, October 7, 2010

How to learn french

French Tutorial Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Note: Before heading to the tutorial I would Strictly recommend to download any online dictionary which could easily translate the difficult French words provided below so that you can understand them easily and learn quickly, if you have one so that’s good if not then I’ll personally prefer BabelFish dictionary which is free so you don’t need to buy it. The download link is provided below:


1. Basic Phrases / les expressions de base
Bonjour
/bɔ̃ʒuʀ/
Hello / Good day / Good morning
Bonsoir
/bɔ̃swaʀ/
Good evening
Bonne nuit
/bɔn nɥi/
Good night (only said when going to bed)
Salut
/saly/
Hi / Bye
Au revoir
/ɔʀ(ə)vwaʀ/
Goodbye
S'il vous plaît / S'il te plaît
/sil vu plɛ/
Please (formal / informal)
Merci (beaucoup)
/mɛʀsi boku/
Thank you (very much)
De rien.
/də ʀjɛ̃/
You're welcome.
Je vous en prie.
/ʒəvu zɑ̃ pri/
You're welcome.
(formal) / Go ahead.
Bienvenu(e)
/bjɛ̃vəny/
Welcome (also You're welcome in Quebec)
Allons-y!
/alɔ̃ zi/
Let's go!
A tout à l'heure
/a tu ta lœʀ/
See you in a little while
A plus tard
/a ply taʀ/
See you later
A bientôt
/a bjɛ̃to/
See you soon
A demain
/a dəmɛ̃/
See you tomorrow
Je suis désolé(e)
/dezɔle/
I'm sorry
Pardon !
/paʀdɔ̃/
Excuse me! (pushing through a crowd) / Sorry! (stepped on someone's foot)
Excusez-moi !
/ekskyze mwa/
Excuse me!
(getting someone's attention) / I'm sorry! (more formal apology)
Comment allez-vous ?
/kɔmɑ̃ tale vu/
How are you? (formal)
Je vais bien
/ʒə ve bjɛ̃/
I'm fine.
Très bien / mal / pas mal
/tʀɛ bjɛ̃/ /mal/ /pa mal/
Very good / bad / not bad
Ça va ?
/sa va/
How are you?
(informal)
Ça va.
/sa va/
I'm fine. (informal response to Ça va ?)
Oui / non
/wi/ /nɔ̃/
Yes / no
Comment vous appelez-vous ?
/kɔmɑ̃ vu zaple vu/
What's your name?
(formal)
Tu t'appelles comment ?
/ty tapɛl kɔmɑ̃/
What's your name? (informal)
Je m'appelle...
/ʒə mapɛl/
My name is...
Enchanté(e)
/ɑ̃ʃɑ̃te/
Nice to meet you.
Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle
/məsjø/ /madam/ /madwazɛl/
Mister, Misses, Miss
Mesdames et Messieurs
/medam/ /mesjø/
Ladies and gentlemen
Vous êtes d'où ? / Vous venez d'où ?
/vu zɛt du/ /vu vəne du/
Where are you from? (formal)
Tu es d'où ? / Tu viens d'où ?
/ty ɛ du/ /ty vjɛ̃ du/
Where are you from? (informal)
Je suis de... / Je viens de...
/ʒə sɥi də/ /ʒə vjɛ̃ də/
I am from...
Où habitez-vous ?
/u abite vu/
Where do you live?
(formal)
Tu habites où ?
/ty abit u/
Where do you live? (informal)
J'habite à...
/ʒabit a/
I live in...
Quel âge avez-vous ?
/kɛl ɑʒ ave vu/
How old are you? (formal)
Tu as quel âge ?
/ty ɑ kɛl ɑʒ/
How old are you? (informal)
J'ai ____ ans.
/ʒe __ ɑ̃/
I am ____ years old.
Parlez-vous français ? / Tu parles anglais ?
/paʀle vu frɑ̃sɛ/ /ty paʀl ɑ̃glɛ/
Do you speak French?
(formal) / Do you speak English? (informal)
Je parle allemand.
/ʒə paʀl almɑ/̃
I speak German.
Je ne parle pas espagnol.
/ʒə nə paʀl pa ɛspaɲɔl/
I don't speak Spanish.
Comprenez-vous? / Tu comprends?
/kɔ̃pʀəne vu/ /ty kɔ̃pʀɑ̃/
Do you understand?
(formal / informal)
Je comprends
/ʒə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃/
I understand
Je ne comprends pas
/ʒə nə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃ pa/
I don't understand
Pouvez-vous m'aider ? / Tu peux m'aider ?
/puve vu mede/ /ty pø mede/
Can you help me?
(formal / informal)
Bien sûr.
/bjɛ̃ syʀ/
Of course.
Comment ?
/kɔmɑ̃/
What? Pardon?
Tenez / Tiens
/təne/ /tjɛ̃/
Hey / Here (formal / informal)
Je sais
/ʒə sɛ/
I know
Je ne sais pas
/ʒən sɛ pa/
I don't know
Où est ... / Où sont ... ?
/u ɛ/ /u sɔ̃/
Where is ... / Where are ... ?
Voici / Voilà
/vwasi/ /vwala/
Here is/are... / There it is.
Il y a ... / Il y avait...
/il i a/ /il i avɛ/
There is / are... / There was / were...
Comment dit-on ____ en français ?
/kɔmɑ̃ di tɔ̃ __ ɑ̃ fʀɑ̃sɛ/
How do you say ____ in French?
Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça ?
/kɛs kə sɛ kə sa/
What is that?
Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ?
/kɛs kil i a/
What's the matter?
Ça ne fait rien.
/sa nə fɛ ʀjɛ̃/
It doesn't matter.
Qu'est-ce qui se passe ?
/kɛs ki sə pas/
What's happening?
Je n'ai aucune idée.
/ʒə ne okyn ide/
I have no idea.
Je suis fatigué(e) / Je suis malade.
/ʒə sɥi fatiɡe/ /ʒə sɥi malad/
I'm tired / I'm sick.
J'ai faim / J'ai soif.
/ʒe fɛ̃/ /ʒe swaf/
I'm hungry / I'm thirsty.
J'ai chaud / J'ai froid.
/ʒe ʃo/ /ʒe fʀwɑ/
I'm hot / I'm cold.
Je m'ennuie.
/ʒə mɑ̃nɥi/
I'm bored.
Ça m'est égal. / Je m'en fiche.
/sa mɛ teɡal/ /ʒə mɑ̃ fiʃ/
It's the same to me / I don't care.
(informal)
Ne vous en faites pas. / Ne t'en fais pas.
/nə vu ɑ̃ fɛt pa/ /nə tɑ̃ fɛ pa/
Don't worry (formal / informal)
Ce n'est pas grave.
/sə nɛ pa gʀav/
It's no problem. / It's alright.
J'ai oublié.
/ʒe ublije/
I forgot.
Je dois y aller.
/ʒə dwa i ale/
I must go.
A vos souhaits ! / A tes souhaits !
/a vo swɛ/ /a te swɛ/
Bless you!
(formal / informal)
Félicitations !
/felisitasjɔ̃/
Congratulations!
Bonne chance !
/bɔn ʃɑ̃s/
Good luck!
C'est à vous ! / C'est à toi !
/sɛ ta vu/ /sɛ ta twɑ/
It's your turn!
(formal / informal)
Taisez-vous ! / Tais-toi !
/tɛze vu/ /tɛ twɑ/
Shut up! / Be quiet!
(formal / informal)
Je vous aime / Je t'aime
/ʒə vu zɛm/ /ʒə tɛm/
I love you (formal & plural / informal)
Tu me manques.
/ty mə mɑ̃k/
I miss you. (informal)
Quoi de neuf ?
/kwɑ də nœf/
What's new?
Pas grand-chose.
/pa gʀɑ̃ ʃoz/
Not a whole lot.

Notice that French has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in French (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person. Also notice that some words take an extra e, shown in parentheses. If the word refers to a woman or is spoken by a woman, then the e is added in spelling; but in most cases, it does not change the pronunciation. To make verbs negative, French adds ne before the verb and pas after it. However, the ne is frequently dropped in spoken French, although it must appear in written French.



2. Pronunciation / la prononciation
French Vowels
IPA
Phonetic spelling
Sample words
General spellings
[i]
ee
vie, midi, lit, riz
i, y
[y]
ee rounded
rue, jus, tissu, usine
u
[e]
ay
blé, nez, cahier, pied
é, et, final er and ez
[ø]
ay rounded
jeu, yeux, queue, bleu
eu
[ɛ]
eh
lait, aile, balai, reine
e, è, ê, ai, ei, ais
[œ]
eh rounded
sœur, œuf, fleur, beurre
œu, eu
[a]
ah
chat, ami, papa, salade
a, à, â
[ɑ]
ah longer
bas, âne, grâce, château
a, â
[u]
oo
loup, cou, caillou, outil
ou
[o]
oh
eau, dos, escargot, hôtel
o, ô
[ɔ]
aw
sol, pomme, cloche, horloge
o
[ə]
uh
fenêtre, genou, cheval, cerise
e
[ɑ] is disappearing in modern French, being replaced by [a]. Vowels that do not exist in English are marked in blue.

French semi-vowels
IPA
Phonetic spelling
Sample words
General spelling
[w]
w
fois, oui, Louis
oi, ou
[ɥ]
ew-ee
lui, suisse
ui
[j]
yuh
oreille, Mireille
ill, y

French nasal vowels
IPA
Phonetic spelling
Sample words
General spelling
[]
awn
gant, banc, dent
en, em, an, am, aon, aen
[ɛ̃]
ahn
pain, vin, linge
in, im, yn, ym, ain, aim, ein, eim, un, um,
en, eng, oin, oing, oint, ien, yen, éen
[œ̃]
uhn
brun, lundi, parfum
un
[õ]
ohn
rond, ongle, front
on, om
[œ̃] is being replaced with [ɛ̃] in modern French
In words beginning with in-, a nasal is only used if the next letter is a consonant.  Otherwise, the in- prefix is pronounce een before a vowel.
French Consonants
ex + vowel
egz
examen, exercice
ex + consonant
eks
exceptionnel, expression
ch (Latin origin)
sh
architecte, archives
ch (Greek origin)
k
orchestre, archéologie
ti + vowel (except é)
see
démocratie, nation
c + e, i, y; or ç
s
cent, ceinture, maçon
c + a, o, u
k
caillou, car, cube
g + e, i, y
zh
genou, gingembre
g + a, o, u
g
gomme, ganglion
th
t
maths, thème, thym
j
zh
jambe, jus, jeune
qu, final q
k
que, quoi, grecque
h
silent
haricot, herbe, hasard
vowel + s + vowel
z
rose, falaise, casino
x + vowel
z
six ans, beaux arts
final x
s
six, dix, soixante (these 3 only!)
There are a lot of silent letters in French, and you usually do not pronounce the final consonant, unless that final consonant is C, R, F or L (except verbs that end in -r).
Liaison: French slurs most words together in a sentence, so if a word ends in a consonant that is not pronounced and the next word starts with a vowel or silent h, slur the two together as if it were one word. S and x are pronounced as z; d as t; and f as v in these liaisons. Liaison is always made in the following cases:
  • after a determiner: un ami, des amis
  • before or after a pronoun: vous avez, je les ai
  • after a preceding adjective: bon ami, petits enfants
  • after one syllable prepositions: en avion, dans un livre
  • after some one-syllable adverbs (très, plus, bien)
  • after est
It is optional after pas, trop fort, and the forms of être, but it is never made after et.
Silent e: Sometimes the e is dropped in words and phrases, shortening the syllables and slurring more words.
  • rapid(e)ment, lent(e)ment, sauv(e)tage /ʀapidmɑ̃/ /ɑ̃tmɑ̃/ /sovtaʒ/
  • sous l(e) bureau, chez l(e) docteur /sul byʀo/ /ʃel dɔktoʀ/
  • il y a d(e)... , pas d(e)... , plus d(e)... /yad/ /pad/ / plyd/
  • je n(e), de n(e) /ʒən/ /dən/
  • j(e) te, c(e) que /ʃt/ /skə/ (note the change of the pronunciation of the j as well)
Stress & Intonation: Stress on syllables is not as heavily pronounced as in English and it generally falls on the last syllable of the word. Intonation usually only rises for yes/no questions, and all other times, it goes down at the end of the sentence.

3. Alphabet / l'alphabet
a
/a/

j
/ʒi/

s
/ɛs/
b
/be/

k
/ka/

t
/te/
c
/se/

l
/ɛl/

u
/y/
d
/de/

m
/ɛm/

v
/ve/
e
/ə/

n
/ɛn/

w
/dubləve/
f
/ɛf/

o
/o/

x
/iks/
g
/ʒɜ/

p
/pe/

y
/igrɛk/
h
/aʃ/

q
/ky/

z
/zɛd/
i
/i/

r
/ɛʀ/




4. Nouns, Articles & Demonstratives / les noms, les articles & les demonstratifs
All nouns in French have a gender, either masculine or feminine.  For the most part, you must memorize the gender, but there are some endings of words that will help you decide which gender a noun is.  Nouns ending in -age and -ment are usually masculine, as are nouns ending with a consonant.  Nouns ending in -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette are usually feminine.
Articles and adjectives must agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify.  And articles have to be expressed even though they aren't always in English; and you may have to repeat the article in some cases.  Demonstratives are like strong definite articles.
Definite Articles (The)
Masculine

Feminine

Before Vowel

Plural
le lit
/lə li/
the bed

la pomme
/la pɔm/
the apple

l'oiseau
/lwazo/
the bird

les gants
/le ɡɑ̃/
the gloves

Indefinite Articles (A, An, Some)
Masculine

Feminine

Plural
un lit
/œ̃̃ li/
a bed

une pomme
/ yn pɔm/
an apple

des gants
/de ɡɑ̃/
some gloves

Demonstrative Adjectives (This, That, These, Those)
Masc.

Masc, Before Vowel

Fem.

Plural
ce lit
/sə li/
this/that bed

cet oiseau
/sɛ twazo/
this/that bird

cette pomme
/sɛt pɔm/
this/that apple

ces gants
/se ɡɑ̃/
these/those gloves
If you need to distinguish between this or that and these or those, you can add -ci to the end of the noun for this and these, and -là to the end of the noun for that and those.  For example, ce lit-ci is this bed, while ce lit-là is that bed.

5. Useful Words / les mots utiles
It's / That's
c'est
/sɛ/
There is/are
il y a
/il i a/
There is/are
voilà
/vwala/
Here is/are
voici
/vwasi/
and
et
/e/
always
toujours
/tuʒuʀ/
but
mais
/mɛ/
often
souvent
/suvɑ̃/
now
maintenant
/mɛ̃tnɑ̃/
sometimes
quelquefois
/kɛlkəfwa/
especially
surtout
/syʀtu/
usually
d'habitude
/dabityd/
except
sauf
/sof/
also, too
aussi
/osi/
of course
bien sûr
/bjɛ̃ syʀ/
again
encore
/ɑ̃kɔʀ/
so so
comme ci, comme ça
/kɔm si, kɔm sa/
late
en retard
/ɑ̃ʀətaʀ/
not bad
pas mal
/pa mal/
almost
presque
/pʀɛsk/
book
le livre
/lə livʀ/
friend (fem)
une amie
/y nami/
pencil
le crayon
/lə kʀɛjɔ̃/
friend (masc)
un ami
/œ̃ nami/
pen
le stylo
/lə stilo/
woman
une femme
/yn fam/
paper
le papier
/lə papje/
man
un homme
/œ̃ nɔm/
dog
le chien
/lə ʃjɛ̃/
girl
une fille
/yn fij/
cat
le chat
/lə ʃa/
boy
un garçon
/œ̃̃ gaʀsɔ̃/
money
l'argent (m)
/laʀʒɑ̃/
job / work
le travail
/lə tʀavaj/
Note: The expression il y a is reduced to y a in everyday speech. When il y a is followed by a number, it means ago.  Il y a cinq minutes means five minutes ago. Some common slang words for money include: le fric, le pèze, le pognon, des sous and for job/work: le boulot.

6. Subject Pronouns / les pronoms sujets
Subject Pronouns
je
/ʒə/
I
nous
/nu/
We
tu
/ty/
You (informal)
vous
/vu/
You (formal and plural)
il
elle
on
/il/
/ɛl/
/ɔ̃/
He
She
One
ils
elles
/il/
/ɛl/
They (masc.)
They (fem.)
Note:  Il and elle can also mean it when they replace a noun (il replaces masculine nouns, and elle replaces feminine nouns) instead of a person's name.  Ils and elles can replace plural nouns as well in the same way.  Notice there are two ways to say you.  Tu is used when speaking to children, animals, or close friends and relatives.  Vous is used when speaking to more than one person, or to someone you don't know or who is older.  On can be translated into English as one, the people, we, they, or you.
Tutoyer and vouvoyer are two verbs that have no direct translation into English. Tutoyer means to use tu or be informal with someone, while vouvoyer means to use vous or be formal with someone.

7. To Be & To Have / Etre & avoir
Present tense of être /ɛtʀ/ - to be
I am
je suis
/ʒə sɥi/
We are
nous sommes
/nu sɔm/
You are
tu es
/ty ɛ/
You are
vous êtes
/vu zɛt/
He is
She is
One is
il est
elle est
on est
/il ɛ/
/ɛl ɛ/
/ɔ̃ nɛ/
They are
They are
ils sont
elles sont
/il sɔ̃/
/ɛl sɔ̃/

Past tense of être - to be
I was
j'étais
/ʒetɛ/
We were
nous étions
/nu zetjɔ̃/
You were
tu étais
/tu etɛ/
You were
vous étiez
/vu zetje/
He was
She was
One was
il était
elle était
on était
/il etɛ/
/ɛl etɛ/
/ɔ̃ netɛ/
They were
They were
ils étaient
elles étaient
/il zetɛ/
/ɛl zetɛ/
Note: Je and any verb form that starts with a vowel (or silent h) combine together for ease of pronunciation.
Future Tense of être - to be
I will be
je serai
/ʒə səʀe/
We will be
nous serons
/nu səʀɔ̃/
You will be
tu seras
/ty səʀa/
You will be
vous serez
/vu səʀe/
He will be
She will be
One will be
il sera
elle sera
on sera
/il səʀa/
/ɛl səʀa/
/ɔ̃ səʀa/
They will be
They will be
ils seront
elles seront
/il səʀɔ̃/
/ɛl səʀɔ̃/

Present tense of avoir /avwaʀ/ - to have
I have
j'ai
/ʒe/
We have
nous avons
/nu zavɔ̃/
You have
tu as
/ty ɑ/
You have
vous avez
/vu zave/
He has
She has
One has
il a
elle a
on a
/il ɑ/
/ɛl ɑ/
/ɔ̃ nɑ/
They have
They have
ils ont
elles ont
/il zɔ̃/
/ɛl zɔ̃/

Past tense of avoir - to have
I had
j'avais
/ʒavɛ/
We had
nous avions
/nu zavjɔ̃/
You had
tu avais
/ty avɛ/
You had
vous aviez
/vu zavje/
He had
She had
One had
il avait
elle avait
on avait
/il avɛ/
/ɛl avɛ/
/ɔ̃ navɛ/
They had
ils avaient
elles avaient
/il zavɛ/
/ɛl zavɛ/

Future tense of avoir - to have
I will have
j'aurai
/ʒoʀe/
We will have
nous aurons
/nu zoʀɔ̃/
You will have
tu auras
/ty oʀɑ/
You will have
vous aurez
/vu zoʀe/
He will have
She will have
One will have
il aura
elle aura
on aura
/il oʀa/
/ɛl oʀa/
/ɔ̃ noʀa/
They will have
They will have
ils auront
elles auront
/il zoʀɔ̃/
/ɛl zoʀɔ̃/
In spoken French, the tu forms of verbs that begin with a vowel contract with the pronoun: tu es = t'es /tɛ/, tu as = t'as /tɑ/, etc.
In addition, it is very common to use on (plus 3rd person singular conjugation) to mean we instead of nous.
Common Expressions with avoir and Etre
Avoir and être are used in many common and idiomatic expressions that should be memorized:

avoir chaud
/avwaʀ ʃo/
to be hot
être de retour
/ɛtʀ də ʀətuʀ/
to be back
avoir froid
/avwaʀ fʀwa/
to be cold
être en retard
/ɛtʀ ɑ̃ ʀətaʀ/
to be late
avoir peur
/avwaʀ pœʀ/
to be afraid
être en avance
/ɛtʀ ɑ̃ navɑ̃s/
to be early
avoir raison
/avwaʀ ʀɛzɔ̃/
to be right
être d'accord
/ɛtʀ dakɔʀ/
to be in agreement
avoir tort
/avwaʀ tɔʀ/
to be wrong
être sur le point de
/ɛtʀ syʀ lə pwɛ̃ də/
to be about to
avoir faim
/avwaʀ fɛ̃/
to be hungry
être en train de
/ɛtʀ ɑ̃ tʀɛ̃ də/
to be in the act of
avoir soif
/avwaʀ swaf/
to be thirsty
être enrhumée
/ɛtʀ ɑ̃ʀyme/
to have a cold
avoir sommeil
/avwaʀ sɔmɛj/
to be sleepy
nous + être (un jour)
/ɛtʀ œ̃̃̃ ʒuʀ/
to be (a day)
avoir honte
/avwaʀ ʽɔ̃t/
to be ashamed



avoir besoin de
/avwaʀ bəzwɛ̃ də/
to need



avoir l'air de
/avwaʀ ɛʀ də/
to look like, seem



avoir l'intention de
/avwaʀ ɛ̃tɑ̃sjɔ̃/
to intend to



avoir envie de
/avwaʀ ɑ̃vi də/
to feel like



avoir de la chance
/avwaʀ də la ʃɑ̃s/
to be lucky




J'ai froid.  I'm cold.
Tu avais raison.  You were right.
Il aura sommeil ce soir.  
He will be tired tonight.
Elle a de la chance !  She's lucky!
Nous aurons faim plus tard.  We will be hungry later.
Vous aviez tort.  You were wrong.
Ils ont chaud.  They are hot.
Elles avaient peur hier.  They were afraid yesterday.
Je suis en retard!  I'm late!
Tu étais en avance.  You were early.
Elle sera d'accord.  She will agree.
Nous sommes lundi.  It is Monday.
Vous étiez enrhumé.  You had a cold.
Ils seront en train d'étudier.  
They will be (in the act of) studying.
Elles étaient sur le point de partir.  They were about to leave.
On est de retour.  We/you/they/the people are back.

8. Question Words / les interrogatifs
Who
Qui
/ki/
What
Quoi
/kwa/
Why
Pourquoi
/puʀkwa/
When
Quand
/kɑ̃/
Where
/u/
How
Comment
/kɔmɑ̃/
How much / many
Combien
/kɔ̃bjɛ̃/
Which / what
Quel(le)
/kɛl/

9. cardinal Numbers / Les nombres cardinaux Listen to MP3FlashcardsExercises
Zero
Zéro
/zeʀo/
One  
Un
/œ̃̃̃/
Two
Deux
/dø/
Three
Trois
/tʀwɑ/
Four
Quatre
/katʀ/
Five
Cinq
/sɛ̃k/
Six
Six
/sis/
Seven
Sept
/sɛt/
Eight
Huit
/ʽɥit/
Nine
Neuf
/nœf/
Ten
Dix
/dis/
Eleven
Onze
/ɔ̃z/
Twelve
Douze
/duz/
Thirteen
Treize
/tʀɛz/
Fourteen
Quatorze
/katɔʀz/
Fifteen
Quinze
/kɛ̃z/
Sixteen
Seize
/sɛz/
Seventeen
Dix-sept
/disɛt/
Eighteen
Dix-huit
/dizɥit/
Nineteen
Dix-neuf
/diznœf/
Twenty
Vingt
/vɛ̃/
Twenty-one
Vingt et un
/vɛ̃t e œ̃̃̃/
Twenty-two
Vingt-deux
/vɛ̃ dø/
Twenty-three
Vingt-trois
/vɛ̃ tʀwɑ/
Thirty
Trente
/tʀɑ̃t/
Thirty-one
Trente et un
/tʀɑ̃t e œ̃̃̃/̃/
Thirty-two
Trente-deux
/tʀɑ̃t dø/
Forty
Quarante
/kaʀɑ̃t/
Fifty
Cinquante
/sɛ̃kɑ̃t/
Sixty
Soixante
/swasɑ̃t/
Seventy
Soixante-dix
/swasɑ̃tdis/
(Belgium & Switzerland)
Septante
/sɛptɑ̃t/
Seventy-one
Soixante et onze
/swasɑ̃t e ɔ̃z/
Seventy-two
Soixante-douze
/swasɑ̃t duz/
Eighty
Quatre-vingts
/katʀəvɛ̃/
(Belgium & Switzerland)
Octante
/ɔktɑ̃t/
Eighty-one
Quatre-vingt-un
/katʀəvɛ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Eighty-two
Quatre-vingt-deux
/katʀəvɛ̃ dø/
Ninety
Quatre-vingt-dix
/katʀəvɛ̃ dis/
(Belgium & Switzerland)
Nonante
/nɔnɑ̃t/
Ninety-one
Quatre-vingt-onze
/katʀəvɛ̃ ɔ̃z/
Ninety-two
Quatre-vingt-douze
/katʀəvɛ̃ duz/
One Hundred
Cent
/sɑ̃/
One Hundred One
Cent un
/sɑ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Two Hundred
Deux cents
/dø sɑ̃/
Two Hundred One
Deux cent un
/dø sɑ̃ tœ̃̃̃/
Thousand
Mille
/mil/
Two Thousand
Deux mille
/dø mil/
Million
Un million
/õ miljɔ̃/
Billion
Un milliard
/õ miljaʀ/
Note:  French switches the use of commas and periods.  1,00 would be 1.00 in English.  Belgian and Swiss French use septante, octante and nonante in place of the standard French words for 70, 80, and 90 (though some parts of Switzerland use huitante instead of octante).  Also, when the numbers 5, 6, 8, and 10 are used before a word beginning with a consonant, their final consonants are not pronounced. Phone numbers in France are ten digits, beginning with 01, 02, 03, 04, or 05 depending on the geographical region, or 06 for cell phones. They are written two digits at a time, and pronounced thus: 01 36 55 89 28 = zéro un, trente-six, cinquante-cinq, quatre-vingt-neuf, vingt-huit.
Ordinal Numbers / Les nombres ordinaux
first
premier / première
second
deuxième / second
third
troisième
fourth
quatrième
fifth
cinquième
sixth
sixième
seventh
septième
eighth
huitième
ninth
neuvième
tenth
dixième
eleventh
onzième
twelfth
douzième
twentieth
vingtième
twenty-first
vingt et unième
thirtieth
trentième
Note:  The majority of numbers become ordinals by adding -ième.  But if a number ends in an e, you must drop it before adding the -ième.  After a q, you must add a u before the -ième.  And an f becomes a v before the -ième.

10. Days of the Week / Les jours de la semaine
Monday
lundi
/lœ̃di/
Tuesday
mardi
/maʀdi/
Wednesday
mercredi
/mɛʀkʀədi/
Thursday
jeudi
/ʒødi/
Friday
vendredi
/vɑ̃dʀədi/
Saturday
samedi
/samdi/
Sunday
dimanche
/dimɑ̃ʃ/
day
le jour
/lə ʒuʀ/
week
la semaine
/la s(ə)mɛn/
today
aujourd'hui
/oʒuʀdɥi/
yesterday
hier
/jɛʀ/
tomorrow
demain
/dəmɛ̃/
next
prochain / prochaine
/pʀɔʃɛ̃/ /pʀɔʃɛn/
last
dernier / dernière
/dɛʀnje/ /dɛʀnjɛʀ/
day before yesterday
avant-hier
/avɑ̃tjɛʀ/
day after tomorrow
après-demain
/apʀɛdmɛ̃/
the following day
le lendemain
/lə lɑ̃dəmɛ̃/
the day before
la veille
/la vɛj/
Articles are not used before days, except to express something that happens habitually on a certain day, such as le lundi = on Mondays. Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing.

11. Months of the Year / Les mois de l'annEe
January
janvier
/ʒɑ̃vje/
February
février
/fevʀije/
March
mars
/maʀs/
April
avril
/avʀil/
May
mai
/mɛ/
June
juin
/ʒɥɛ̃/
July
juillet
/ʒɥijɛ/
August
août
/u(t)/
September
septembre
/sɛptɑ̃bʀ/
October
octobre
/ɔktɔbʀ/
November
novembre
/nɔvɑ̃bʀ/
December
décembre
/desɑ̃bʀ/
month
le mois
/lə mwa/
year
l'an / l'année
/lɑ̃/ /lane/
decade
la décennie
/deseni/
century
le siècle
/lə sjɛkl/
millennium
le millénaire
/milenɛʀ/
To express in a certain month, such as in May, use en before the month as in "en mai."  With dates, the ordinal numbers are not used, except for the first of the month:  le premier mai but le deux juin.  Also note that months are all masculine and not capitalized in French (same as days of the week).

12. Seasons / Les saisons
Summer
l'été
/lete/
in the summer
en été
/ɑ̃ nete/
Fall
l'automne
/lotɔn/
in the fall
en automne
/ɑ̃ notɔn/
Winter
l'hiver
/livɛʀ/
in the winter
en hiver
/ɑ̃ nivɛʀ/
Spring
le printemps
/lə pʀɛ̃tɑ̃/
in the spring
au printemps
/o prɛ̃tɑ̃/

13. Directions / Les directions
on the left
à gauche
/a goʃ/
on the right
à droite
/a dʀwɑt/
straight ahead
tout droit
/tu dʀwɑ/

North
le nord
/lə nɔʀ/
Northeast
le nord-est
/lə nɔʀ(d)ɛst/
South
le sud
/lə syd/
Northwest
le nord-ouest
/lə nɔʀ(d)wɛst/
East
l'est
/lɛst/
Southeast
le sud-est
/sydɛst/
West
l'ouest
/lwɛst/
Southwest
le sud-ouest
/sydwɛst/

14. Colors & Shapes / Les couleurs & les formes
Red
rouge
/ʀuʒ/
square
le carré
/kaʀe/
Orange
orange
/ɔʀɑ̃ʒ/
circle
le cercle
/sɛʀkl/
Yellow
jaune
/ʒon/
triangle
le triangle
/tʀijɑ̃gl/
Green
vert / verte
/vɛʀ/ /vɛʀt/
rectangle
le rectangle
/ʀɛktɑ̃gl/
Blue
bleu / bleue
/blø/
oval
l'ovale
/ɔval/
Purple
violet / violette
/vjɔlɛ/ /vjɔlɛt/
cube
le cube
/kyb/
White
blanc / blanche
/blɑ̃/ /blɑ̃ʃ/
sphere
la sphère
/sfɛʀ/
Brown
brun / brune
marron
/bʀõ/ /bʀyn/
/maʀɔ̃/
cylinder
le cylindre
/silɛ̃dʀ/
Black
noir / noire
/nwaʀ/
cone
le cône
/kon/
Pink
rose
/ʀoz/
octagon
l'octogone
/ɔktogɔn/
Gold
doré / dorée
/dɔʀe/
box
la boîte
/bwat/
Silver
argenté / argentée
/aʀʒɑ̃te/
light
clair / claire
/klɛʀ/
Gray
gris / grise
/gʀi/ /gʀiz/
dark
foncé / foncée
/fɔ̃se/
Some adjectives of color do not change to agree with gender or number, such as adjectives that also exist as nouns: orange, marron, rose; and compound adjectives: bleu clair, noir foncé remain masculine even if they describe a feminine noun.  Remember to place the color adjective after the noun.

15. Weather / Le temps qu'il fait
What's the weather like?
Quel temps fait-il ?
/kɛl tɑ̃ fɛ til/
It's nice
Il fait bon
/il fɛ bɔ̃/
bad
Il fait mauvais
/il fɛ mɔve/
cool
Il fait frais
/il fɛ fʀɛ/
cold
Il fait froid
/il fɛ fʀwɑ/
warm, hot
Il fait chaud
/il fɛ ʃo/
cloudy
Il fait nuageux
/il fɛ nyaʒ/
beautiful
Il fait beau
/il fɛ bo/
mild
Il fait doux
/il fɛ du/
stormy
Il fait orageux
/il fɛ ɔʀaʒ/
sunny
Il fait soleil
/il fɛ sɔlɛj/
humid
Il fait humide
/il fɛ ymid/
muggy
Il fait lourd
/il fɛ luʀ/
windy
Il fait du vent
/il fɛ dy vɑ̃/
foggy
Il fait du brouillard
/il fɛ dy bʀujaʀ/
snowing
Il neige
/il nɛʒ/
raining
Il pleut
/il plø/
freezing
Il gèle
/il ʒɛl/
hailing
Il grêle
/il gʀɛl/
It is ____ degrees.
Il fait ____ degrés.
/il fɛ __ dəgʀe/
Il pleut des cordes /il plø de koʀd/ is a common expression meaning it's pouring. Il caille /il kaj/ or ça caille /sa kaj/ is slang for it's freezing. And remember that France uses Celcius degrees.

16. Time / Le temps qui passe
What time is it?
Quelle heure est-il ?
/kɛl œʀ ɛ til/
It is...
Il est...
/il ɛ/
one o'clock
une heure
/yn œʀ/
two o'clock
deux heures
/dø zœʀ/
noon
midi
/midi/
midnight
minuit
/minɥi/
a quarter after three
trois heures et quart
/tʀwɑ zœʀ e kaʀ/
one o'clock sharp
une heure précise
/yn œʀ pʀesiz/
four o'clock sharp
quatre heures précises
/katʀœʀ pʀesiz/
twelve thirty
midi (minuit) et demi
/midi (minɥi) e dəmi/
six thirty
six heures et demie
/si zœʀ e dəmi/
a quarter to seven
sept heures moins le quart
/sɛt œʀ mwɛ̃ lə kaʀ/
five twenty
cinq heures vingt
/sɛ̃k œʀ vɛ̃/
ten fifty
onze heures moins dix
/ɔ̃z œʀ mwɛ̃ dis/
in the morning/AM
du matin
/dy matɛ̃/
in the afternoon/PM
de l'après-midi
/də lapʀɛmidi/
in the evening/PM
du soir
/dy swaʀ/
Official French time is expressed as military time (24 hour clock.) You can only use regular numbers, and not demi, quart, etc. when reporting time with the 24 hour system. For example, if it is 18h30, you must say dix-huit heures trente. The word pile /pil/ is also a more informal way of saying précise (exactly, sharp).

17. Family & Animals / La famille & les animaux
Family
la famille
/famij/
Niece
la nièce
/njɛs/
Relatives
des parents
/paʀɑ̃/
Nephew
le neveu
/n(ə)vœ/
Parents
les parents
/paʀɑ̃/
Grandchildren
les petits-enfants
/p(ə)tizɑ̃fɑ̃/
Grandparents
les grands-parents
/gʀɑ̃paʀɑ̃/
Granddaughter
la petite-fille
/p(ə)tit fij/
Mom
la mère / maman
/mɛʀ/ /mɑmɑ̃/
Grandson
le petit-fils
/p(ə)tifis/
Stepmother/Mother-in-Law
la belle-mère
/bɛlmɛʀ/
Godfather
le parrain
/paʀɛ̃/
Dad
le père / papa
/pɛʀ/ /papa/
Godmother
la marraine
/maʀɛn/
Stepfather/Father-in-Law
le beau-père
/bopɛʀ/
Godson
le filleul
/fijœl/
Daughter
la fille
/fij/
Goddaughter
la filleule
/fijœl/
Son
le fils
/fis/
Distant Relatives
des parents éloignés
/paʀɑ̃ elwaɲe/
Sister
la sœur
/sœʀ/
Single
célibataire
/selibatɛʀ/
Half/Step Sister
la demi-sœur
/dəmi sœʀ/
Married
marié(e)
/maʀje/
Sister-in-Law
la belle-sœur
/bɛlsœʀ/
Separated
séparé(e)
/sepaʀe/
Stepdaughter/Daughter-in-Law
la belle-fille
/bɛl fij/
Divorced
divorcé(e)
/divɔʀse/
Brother
le frère
/fʀɛʀ/
Widower
veuf
/vœf/
Half/Step Brother
le demi-frère
/dəmi fʀɛʀ/
Widow
veuve
/vœv/
Brother-in-Law
le beau-frère
/bo fʀɛʀ/



Stepson/Son-in-Law
le beau-fils
/bo fis/
Dog
le chien / la chienne (m) / (f)
/ʃjɛ̃/ /ʃjɛn/
Twins (m)
les jumeaux
/ʒymo/
Cat
le chat / la chatte (m) / (f)
/ʃa/ /ʃat/
Twins (f)
les jumelles
/ʒymɛl/
Puppy
le chiot
/ʃjo/
Uncle
l'oncle
/ɔ̃kl/
Kitten
le chaton
/ʃatɔ̃/
Aunt
la tante
/tɑ̃t/
Pig
le cochon
/kɔʃɔ̃/
Grandmother
la grand-mère
/gʀɑ̃mɛʀ/
Rooster
le coq
/kɔk/
Grandfather
le grand-père
/gʀɑ̃pɛʀ/
Rabbit
le lapin
/lapɛ̃/
Cousin (f)
la cousine
/kuzin/
Cow
la vache
/vaʃ/
Cousin (m)
le cousin
/kuzɛ̃/
Horse
le cheval
/ʃ(ə)val/
Wife
la femme
/fam/
Duck
le canard
/kanaʀ/
Husband
le mari
/maʀi/
Goat
la chèvre
/ʃɛvʀ/
Woman
la femme
/fam/
Goose
l'oie
/wa/
Man
l'homme
/ɔm/
Sheep
le mouton
/mutɔ̃/
Child (m) / (f)
un enfant / une enfant
/ɑ̃fɑ̃/
Lamb
l'agneau
/aɲo/
Girl
la fille
/fij/
Donkey
l'âne
/ɑn/
Boy
le garçon
/gaʀsɔ̃/
Mouse
la souris
/suʀi/
Note: Le gendre /ʒɑ̃dʀ/ is another word for son-in-law.
Slang words for people and pets:
The entire family
toute la smala
/tut la smala/
Sister
la frangine
/fʀɑ̃ʒin/
Grandma
mémé / mamie
/meme/ /mami/
Brother
le frangin
/fʀɑ̃ʒɛ̃/
Grandpa
pépé / papi
/pepe/ /papi/
Son
le fiston
/fistɔ̃/
Children
des gosses
/gɔs/
Aunt
tata / tatie
/tata/ /tati/
Kid
un gamin / une gamine
/gamɛ̃/ /gamin/
Uncle
tonton
/tɔ̃tɔ̃/
Woman
une nana
/nana/
Dog
le cabot / clébard
/kabo/ /klebaʀ/
Man
un mec / type / gars
/mɛk/ /tip/ /gaʀ/
Cat
le minou
/minu/

18. To Know People & Places / connaitre & savoir
connaître-to know people /kɔnɛtʀ/
savoir-to know facts  /savwaʀ/
connais
/kɔnɛ/
connaissons
/kɔnɛsɔ̃/
sais
/sɛ/
savons
/savɔ̃/
connais
/kɔnɛ/
connaissez
/kɔnɛse/
sais
/sɛ/
savez
/save/
connaît
/kɔnɛ/
connaissent
/kɔnɛs/
sait
/sɛ/
savent
/sav/
Connaître is used when you know (are familiar with) people, places, food, movies, books, etc. and savoir is used when you know facts.  When savoir is followed by an infinitive it means to know how.
There is another form of savoir commonly used in the expressions que je sache that I know (of) and pas que je sache not that I know (of).

Je connais ton frère.  I know your brother.
Je sais que ton frère s'appelle Jean.  I know that your brother is named John.
Connaissez-vous Grenoble ?  Do you know (Are you familiar with) Grenoble? / Have you ever been to Grenoble?
Oui, nous connaissons Grenoble.  Yes, we know (are familiar with) Grenoble. / Yes, we've been to Grenoble.
Tu sais où Grenoble se trouve.  You know where Grenoble is located.
Ils savent nager.  They know how to swim.

Connaître can be translated several ways into English:
Tu connais le film, Les Enfants ? Have you seen the film, Les Enfants?
Tu connais Lyon ? Have you ever been to Lyon?
Tu connais la tartiflette ? Have you ever eaten tartiflette?


19. Formation of Plural Nouns / la formation des noms pluriels
To make a noun plural, you usually add an -s (which is not pronounced).
But there are some exceptions:
Sing.
Plural
If a noun already ends in an -s, add nothing.
bus(es)
le bus
les bus
If a noun ends in -eu or -eau, add an x.
boat(s)
le bateau
les bateaux
If a masculine noun ends in -al or -ail, change it to -aux.
horse(s)
le cheval
les chevaux
Some nouns ending in -ou add an -x instead of -s.
knee(s)
le genou
les genoux

Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s. There are only seven nouns ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou. There are, of course, some irregular exceptions:  un œil (eye) - des yeux (eyes); le ciel (sky) - les cieux (skies); and un jeune homme (a young man) - des jeunes gens (young men).
Notice that the only time the pronunciation will change in the plural form is for masculine nouns that change -al or -ail to -aux and for the irregular forms. All other nouns are pronounced the same in the singular and the plural - it is only the article that changes pronunciation (le, la, l' to les).

20. Possessive Adjectives / les adjectifs possessifs

Masc.
Fem.
Plural
My
mon /mɔ̃/
ma /ma/
mes /mɛ/
Your
ton /tɔ̃/
ta /ta/
tes /tɛ/
His/Her/Its
son /sɔ̃/
sa /sa/
ses /sɛ/
Our
notre /nɔtʀ/
notre /nɔtʀ/
nos /no/
Your
votre /vɔtʀ/
votre /vɔtʀ/
vos /vo/
Their
leur /lœʀ/
leur /lœʀ/
leurs /lœʀ/
Possessive pronouns go before the noun.  When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, you must use the masculine form of the pronoun for ease of pronunciation.  Ma amie is incorrect and must be mon amie, even though amie is feminine. Remember that adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number, not the possessor! Sa mère can mean his mother or her mother even though sa is the feminine form, because it agrees with mère and not the possessor (his or her).
C'est ma mère et mon père.  This is my mother and my father.
Ce sont vos petits-enfants ?  These are your grandchildren?
Mes parents sont divorcés.  My parents are divorced.
Sa grand-mère est veuve.  His grandmother is a widow.
Notre frère est marié, mais notre sœur est célibataire.  Our brother is married, but our sister is single.
Ton oncle est architecte, n'est-ce pas ?  
Your uncle is an architect, isn't he?
Leurs cousines sont néerlandaises.  Their cousins are Dutch.


So i will see you in next lesson

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